ELIZABETHTOWN COLLEGE
Spring 2002
American Political Thought
(PS 329)
W. Wesley McDonald
Nicarry Room 201
Phone: 361-1306
Alan Pendleton Grimes, American Political Thought (Washington, DC: University Press, rev. ed.
1984)
Hamilton, Madison & Jay, The Federalists Papers (Bantham Books, 1982)
The course will examine the principal ideas and thinkers
that have influenced the tradition of American political thought from the
colonial period until the present time.
After an introductory examination of the basic
characteristics of American political thought, we will trace the tradition of
American political ideas from the Puritans to the Twentieth Century through a
study of the works of major representative thinkers. Special attention will be devoted to the founding principles of
the American Republic. A major focus of
the course, therefore, will be the founding principles of the American Republic
as revealed through the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution
and Federalist Papers.
1. Examinations
and Required Readings
a. Mid-term and final examination.
b. In preparation for examinations and class discussions, the student is expected to complete all required class reading assignments on time.
2. Term Paper
a. A paper of analysis and criticism of one of the major American political thinkers or ideas discussed in this course is required.
b. The
length of the paper shall be approximately ten pages.
c. The choice of the topic is open,
contingent upon the approval of the instructor.
d. Some suggested paper topics
1) “The Principle of Majority Rule in The
Federalist Papers.”
2) “John Adams and the Role of the
Aristocracy.”
3) “John C. Calhoun’s Doctrine of States
Rights.”
4) “The Influence of the Social Gospel on the
Thought of Martin Luther King.”
e. On February
14, a typewritten formal proposal for the term paper is due. This proposal will include: the topic of the
paper, a basic outline of the paper (that is, what does the paper wish to prove
and how does it intend to go about making its point), and,
lastly, a bibliography of primary and secondary works. No credit will be given for late proposals.
f. The proposals will be returned to the
student within a week with comments and suggestions. If the proposal is unacceptable, in the instructor’s opinion,
(confusing, incoherent, too ambitious, or just plain silly), then the student
is expected to make appropriate revisions.
Students are encouraged to seek the assistance and guidance from the
instructor as work on their papers progresses.
g. Final drafts of the paper must be typewritten (no
exceptions) and must conform to the University of Çhicago Manual of
Style. A precis of the Manual is
available in Kate L. Turabian, A
Manual for Writers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Also, the student should realize that
copying is plagiarism. A term paper
must be in the student’s own words. A
verbatim transcription of the words of others is unacceptable even if
the sources are cited.
h. All papers are
due April 25. Late papers will be reduced one grade for
each day late.
3. Grading
The final grade will be based upon:
Final
examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
points
Mid-term
examination . . . . . . . . . . . 25
points
Class
participation & Attendance . . . 10
points
Term paper
proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
points
4. Attendance: The student will be held responsible on
the examination for all lectures and classroom discussions. In addition, unexcused class absences will
result in a reduction in the class participation grade.
5. Examinations: Examinations will be solely composed of short answer,
identification and essay questions.
Examination questions will be designed to test the student’s ability to
apprehend and deal analytically with political ideas. If the student should miss the mid-term examination, there will
be NO make-ups. The final examination will be counted
automatically as a double grade. It is
suggested that the student not test the tolerance of the instructor by failing
to show for the final examination. Only
the most extraordinary excuse will be considered unless the instructor is
consulted before the date of the examination.
E..Course Outline
I. Introduction
a. Outline of course objectives
b. What is American
political thought? What do we hope to
gain by a study of the American political tradition? What will the study of American political thought tell us about
contemporary politics and society?
c. Is there an American political tradition?
a. Is American political thought second-rate?
b. The influence of classical political
thought.
c. Is political philosophy useless to
Americans?
d. Are the American
political traditions exportable? Is the
American form of government a model for the world?
e. Required reading:
Grimes, Chapter 3, Federalist,
Numbers 1, 2, 6.
III. The Political Heritage of the Puritans: Charters, Covenants, and “The City on the
Hill”
a. The
Theocratic Experiment
b. Anne
Hutchison and the challenge of antinomianism to the priestly rule
c. Federal
Theology and the contract theory.
d. Roger
Williams and the argument for religious tolerance.
e. The
decline of the “City on the Hill.”
f. Required reading: Grimes, Chapters 1-2; Federalist,
Numbers 9 - 10
Please
check on these links and read:
Massachusetts Body of
Liberties (1641)
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
(1638-39)
IV. The American Revolution and the Rights of Englishmen
a. Major
issues of the Revolution
b. Unique
character of the American revolution - “Not a revolution made, but a revolution
prevented.”
c. Sam Adams—agitator for the rights of the
American colonists.
d. Tom
Paine and the rights of man - propagandist for revolution
e. The principles of the Declaration of
Independence - an egalitarian document?
f. Required Reading: Grimes, Chapters 4 and 5; The
Declaration of Independence
Federalist,
Numbers 14-17, 21-23; Samuel
Adams– Click on the link to look at a searchable webpage of his works
V. The Articles of
Confederation and the Political Principles of the Founding Fathers
a. The
Articles of Confederation - its inadequacy - “the mortal disease.”
b. The
movement toward correcting the defects in the Articles.
c. Shay’s
Rebellion (1786) and its political repercussions.
d. The Philadelphia Convention - a
study in the ideas and plans of the delegates.
e. The Constitution - a derailment of
the democratic principles of The Declaration of Independence?
f. Required Reading: Grimes, Chapter 6; The Articles of
Confederation; The
Constitution; Federalist, Nos. 37-41
VI. “To remedy the
defects of popular government” - The Federalist Defends Republicanism
a.
Insufficiency of the Articles - the need for a more durable union
b.Why did
the Founders oppose a pure democratic form of government?
c. Separation of powers.
d. Is the republic a national or
federal entity?
e. What makes American federalism
unique?.
f. The dual character of The
Federalist: Madison and Hamilton.
g. Required
Reading: Federalist, Numbers
45-51, 52, 62, 68-69
Optional
Reading:
Use
the Thomas search engine
to look up words in Federalist Papers.
John
P. Roche, “The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action.”
The American Political
Science Review, LV, 4 (Dec., 1961), pp. 799-816.
Martin Diamond, “Democracy and The
Federalist: A Reconsideration of the Framers’ Intent,”
The American Political Science Review
LIII (March, 1959), pp 52-68.
VII. Federalism
versus Jeffersonianism
a. The struggle between Nation-Centered and
State-Centered Federalism
b. The equality of man and the rights of man.
c. John Adams and liberty under the law.
d. Jefferson vs. Hamilton.
e. John Marshall and judicial review.
f. James Madison - the Republican statesman.
g. John
Taylor: Doctrinaire Agararian.
h. Required Reading: Grimes, Chapter 7;
Federalist,
Numbers 78, 84-85
VIII. “Fire Bell in the Night”: Slavery and the Question of States’ Rights.
a. John Randolph of Roanoke invokes States’
Rights as a guarantor of liberty.
b. John C. Calhoun and the concurrent majority.
c. Alexis de Tocqueville on the tyranny of the
majority, warns against the despotism of equality.
d. Orestes Brownson sees the Catholic Church as
a restrain on the excesses of democracy.
e. Jacksonianism and the rise of the common man.
f. Required Reading: Grimes, Chapters 8, 9, 12
IX. Ante-Bellum
Political Thought - Critics of Democracy
a. James Fenimore Cooper defends agrarian
aristocracy.
b. Nathaniel
Hawthorne restores the doctrine of sin to the American mind.
c. George Fitzhugh defends slavery.
d. Henry David Thoreau’s individualism.
e. William Lloyd Garrison and Abraham Lincoln on
the anti-slavery issue.
f. Required reading: Grimes, Chapters
10-11
X. Gilded Age: Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth
a. Herbert Spencer’s influence on doctrine of
social Darwinism.
b. William Graham Sumner’s massive
impact on Nineteenth Century American political thinking.
c. Gospel
of Wealth preaches the Christian duty of each man to accumulate wealth.
d. Required reading: Grimes, Chapter 13
XI. Critics of Social Darwinism
a. Socialists.
1. Lester
Frank Ward - on sociocracy.
2. Edward
Bellamy - Looking Backward.
3. Henry
George - the single tax proposal.
b. Social Gospel.
1. Walter
Rauschenbusch.
2. George
Herron.
c. Satirist and Social Critic--Thorstein Veblen
attacks plutocracy.
c. Conservatives
1. Henry
Adams - on the degradation of the democratic dogma.
2. Brooks
Adams - civilization and energy.
Required
reading: Grimes, Chapter 14,
pp. 489-494.
XII. Progressivism, Pragmatism, and the Triumph
of the Technological Spirit
a.
Progressivism and pragmatism.
b. The
pragmatists: Charles Peirce, William James, and John Dewey.
c. The
Humanist reaction to pragmatism: Irving Babbitt and Paul Elmer More.
d. Required reading: Grimes, Chapters 15 and 17, pp. 494-505.
XIII. Recent Political Thought - Conservatism,
Liberalism, and Socialism.
a.
Conservatism - Friedrich Hayek, Russell Kirk,
Richard Weaver.
b.
Liberalism - John
Rawls: the new egalitarianism
c.
Socialism - Norman Thomas.
f. The Rise of the Therapeutic State: Paul Gotffried, James Burnham, Samuel
Francis
g. Required reading: Grimes, pp.408-417, 457-464,
F. The Roots of the American Political Tradition: a
selected reading list
The following short bibliography is provided merely as a
convenience and assistance to those students anxious to apprehend the principal
seminal works that have underpinned the political foundations of the American
Republic. This list is admittedly not
exhaustive of all the important works that have influenced American political
thinking. However, an attentive study
of these books would be an excellent beginning for any student of the American
political tradition.
Old Testament -
Genesis, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah, Jeremiah
Plato - The Republic and The Laws
Aristotle - Ethics and Politics
Plutarch - Lives of the Noble Greeks - with special
emphasis on the chapter on Solon
Cicero - Republic and Offices
Marcus Aurelius - Meditations
St. Augustine - City of God
Dante - Divine Comedy
Pico della Mirandola - Oration on the Dignity of Man
Richard Hooker - Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity
Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan
John Bunyan - Pilgrim’s Progress.
John Locke - Second Treatise on Civil Government.
Montesquieu - Spirit of the Laws.
David Hume - History of England
Sir William Blackstone - Commentaries on the Constitution
of England.
Edmund Burke - “Conciliation with America”
II. General Studies
Harold J. Laski, The Rise of Liberalism (1936).
Francis W. Coker, Recent Political Thought (1934)
W. A. Orton, The Liberal Tradition (1945).
J. S Roucek (ed.), Twentieth Century Political Thought
(1946)
David Minar, Ideas and Politics: The American Experience
(1965)
John H. Hallowell, Main Currents in American Political
Thought (1950).
B. F. Wright, Jr., A Source Book of American Political
Theory (1929)
--------------------, American Interpretation of Natural Law (1931).
Vernon Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought
(1930) 3 vols. One of most popular and
best written
interpretations of the American political tradition from a progressive
historian.
Richard Hofstadter, The American Political tradition
(1949). A popular interpretation; the
late historian
Hofstadter analyzes
the lives and thoughts of some major American statesmen. The major difficulty with this
book is that it
confuses reflective political thought with mere expedient partisan positions.
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American
History (1921). A classic historicalinterpretation of the
influence of the
westward movement of settlers on democratic ideas.
Clinton Rossiter, Conservatism in America
(1962). A fairly good and certainly
enduring interpretation of the
“thankless
persuasion. Rossiter, though, has a
tendency to group varieties of conservatives into artificial
groups of his own
making.
Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Still the best history of the Anglo-American
conservative
tradition.
Ralph Gabriel, The Course of American Democratic Thought.
An adequate study.
Charles Forcey, The Crossroads of American Democratic
Thought (1961).
Allen Guttman, The Conservative Tradition in America
(1967).
Francis G. Wilson, The American Political Mind (1949).
A good basic textbook of American ideas.
Charles E. Merriam, A History of American Political
Theories (1903). A basic but now dated work by a noted
University of
Chicago political scientist.
, American
Political Ideas (1920).
Neal Riemer, Democratic Experiment: American Political
Theory.
Andrew Scott, Political Thought in America (1959)
Larry I. Peterman, American Political Thought (c.
1972) JK 11 1972 p. 47.
Bert James Lowenberg, American History in American
Thought (1972) E 175.L6.
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and Morton White (eds.), Paths
of American Thought (1963). A
series of essays
dealing with
American intellectual thought. Deals
with social, political, and literary ideas.
Alpheus Thomas Mason, Free Government in the Making
(1965). Readings in American political
thought. A
good source book of
major political works.
Alpheus Thomas Mason and Richard Leach, In Quest of Freedom (1973). A basic textbook of American
political thought.
Alistair Cooke, America (1973). Basis for PBS-TV series. Light reading.
II. The
Colonial Period
a. Primary Works
John Wise, A Vindication of the Government of New England
Churches (1772).
John Dickinson, The Writings of John Dickinson
(1895).
James Wilson, Selected Political Essays, edited by
R.G. Adams (1930).
b. Secondary Works
Richard M. Gummere, The American Colonial Mind and the
Classical Tradition (1963).
Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (1939).
James E. Ernst, The
Political Thought of Roger „illiams (1929).
Michael Kammen, Deputyes & Libertyes (1969). A systematic description and analysis of
seventeenth-century
beginnings of
representative institutions in British North America.
III. The Formation of the American Republic: The Political Ideas of the American Founding
Fathers from the Revolution to the Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
a. Primary Works
James Madison, (Asul K. Padover, ed.), The Complete
Madison (1953).
John Adams, (George A. Peek, ed.) The Political Writings
of John Adams (1954).
Thomas Jefferson (Edward Dumbauld, ed.), The Political
Writings of Thomas Jefferson (1956).
- - - - - - - - - - - - Collected Works, several editions.
Alexander Hamilton, Works, several editions.
James Madison, Letters and Other Writings, 4 vols. (1865).
Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776). This is that little propaganda tract that
caused such a great stir during
the revolutionary
unpleasantness.
b. Secondary Works
R.G. Adams, Political Ideas of the American Revolution
(1939).
Jackson Turner Main, The Anti-Federalists (1961).
A.T. Mason, The States Rights Debate: Anti-Federalism and the Constitution
(1964).
Paul Eidelberg, The Philosophy of the American
Constitution (1968). A Straussian
anaylsis.
Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey, The Basic Symbols
of the American Political Tradition (1970). A novel, unique study of the American political traditions.
Herman C. Pritchett, The American Çonstitution
(1959).
John Dewey, The Living Thoughts of Jefferson.
Daver Manning, The Adams Federalists (1953).
Adreinne Koch, The Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson
(1943) E332 K6 1964.
Leonard W. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (1963).
C. M. Walsh, The Political Science of John Adams
(1915).
Arthur T. Prescott, The Framing of the Constitution
(1941).
Claude Bowers, Jefferson and Hamilton (1933).
Clinton Rossiter, Seedtime of the Republic
(1953). A popular treatment of the
political thinking of the colonists
before and during
the American Revolution.
Carl Becker, The Declaration of Independence
(1922). A classic work.
John Howe Jr. The Changing Political Thought of John
Adams (1966).
Adrienne Koch, Power, Morals and the Founding Fathers
(1961).
Cecelia M. Kenyon (ed.), The Anti-Federalists (1966).
Gottfried Dietze, The Federalist: A Classic on Federalism and Free Government A good treatment of the
federalist idea.
Gerald Stourah, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of
Republican Government (1970).
Leonard W. Labaree, Conservatism in Early American
History (1948).
Merrill D. Peterson, The Jeffersonian Image in the
American Mind (1962).
John P. Roche (ed.), Origins of American Political
Thought (1967). Selected
readings. Some good, basic
essays on pre-1800
American political thought.
David McCullough, John Adams (Simon & Schuster,
2001). A best selling biography of
Adams, compares
Adams favorably to
Jefferson.
III. Ante-Bellum
Political Thought
a. Primary Works
George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South (1854). A defence of southern institutions and
slavery.
John Taylor. Definition
of Parties (1794).
- - - - - - - - - - An
Inquiry into the Principles and Polity of the Government of the United States (1823). A
southern defense of
states’ rights.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (many
editions). Still the classic critique
of democracy. This
French observer
feared that America’s drive for equality would undermine liberty.
John C. Calhoun, A Disquisition on Government. A defense of states’ rights and critique of
majoritarian
democracy.
- - - - - - - - - - Discourses.
Orestes Brownson, The American Republic (reprint,
1972) DX28.B72. A Catholic social
thinker.
John Marshall, The Papers of John Marshall (c. 1974-)
E 302 M365.
Henry David Thoreau, “On theDuty of Civil Disobedience”
(1845). A classic protest against the
authority of the state.
b. Secondary Works
Russell Kirk, John Randolph of Roanoke (1951). E748.T2K5.
A modern conservative’s appreciation
of an old
states rightist.
Henry Adams, John Randolph (1892). A critical, but sympathetic treatment of one
of the most unusual
statesmen the South
has ever produced.
William Hatcher, Edward Livingston, Jefferson Republican
and Jacksonian Democrat (1940).
Eugene T. Mudge, The Social Philosophy of John Taylor of
Caroline: A Study in Jeffersonian Democracy
(1939).
August O. Spain, The Political Theory of John C. Calhoun
(1951).
Harvey Wish, Ante Bellum Writings of George Fitzhugh and
Hinton Rowan Helpher on Soociety (1962).
George A. Lipsky, John Quincy Adams: His Theory and Ideas
(1950).
IV. The Political
Thought of the Post-Civil War Era: Social
Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth, Pragmatism, and the Social Gospel:
a. Primary Works
Paul Elmer More, Aristocracy and Justice (1915). An important statement of Burkean conservative
principles.
James Bryce, The American Commonwealth 2 vols.
(1941). An Englishman analyzes American
society and
government. A classic work.
Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1931).
More than an autobiography, the author reflects
on the
social and
intellectual currents of a half-century of observation.
Brooks Adams, The Law of Civilization and Decay
(1895).
- - - - - - - - - - Theory of Social Revolutions
(1913). Brother to Henry Adams, Books
Adams argues that the
centralization of
capital has been the primary cause of the decline of civilizations.
Henry George, Progress and Poverty (1904). Land rents are the cause of economic
inequality; therefore this
socialist argues for
the confiscation of land rents.
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1888) HX811
B43. A man falls asleep in 1887 and awakens
in the year
2000 to find himself
in a socialist paradise. The classic
socialist vision of utopia that inspired generations of
college students.
John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action (1935) HM276
D4. A pragmatist who greatly influenced
liberalism
in America.
Charles A. Beard, Politics (1908). A progressive.
Arthur Bentley, The Process of Government
(1967). One of the first political
scientists who argued that the
fundamental unit for
political analysis was the group.
Irving Babbitt, Democracy and Leadership (1924). A conservative thinker, Babbitt worries
about the
degradation of
intellectual and moral standards.
George Santayana, The Life of Reason (1922-24).
- - - - - - - - - - Character
and Opinion in the United States (1920).
Lester Ward, The Psychic Factors of Çivilization HM251. W3C.
- - - - - - - - - Dynamic
Sociology HM51.238. This sociologist argues against capitalism
and for “sociocracy”.
Walter Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel
(1917).
- - - - - - - - - - Christianity
and the Social Crisis (1907) BR115.S6R24.
A social gospelteer, Rauschenbusch
argues against
capitalist competition and greed and for a social system based upon the
Christian message of
love and
brotherhood.
William James, Pragmatism (1907). If it works; it must be true.
John Dewey, Democracy and Education (1929). The purpose of education is the educate the
child for
democracy.
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class. Capitalism
leads to conspicuous consumption and conspicuous
leisure.
William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe Each Other
(reprint, 1947). Why, nothing of course. A
classic statement of
Íocial Darwinist principles.
Russell H. Conwell, Acres of Îiamonds (1915). How you too can turn a buck in America.
b. Secondary Works
Chester M. Destler, American Radicalism, 1865-1901
(1946).
Richard Hofstadler, Social Darwinism in American Thought
(1955). A good basic study of the Social
Darwinists and
their critics.
Sidney Fine, Laissez-Faire and the General Welfare State
(1967).
Harris E. Starr, William Graham Sumner (1925).
Robert G. McCloskey, American Conservatism in the Age of
Enterprise, 1865-1910 (1951). A study
of Social
Darwinism and its critics.
G.R Geigor, The Philosophy of Henry George (1933).
Howard H. Quint, The Forging of American Socialism
(1953).
Stuart Gerry Brown, (ed.) The Social Philosophy of Josiah
Royce (1950).
E. David Cronon, The Political Thought of Woodrow Wilson
(1965).
Samuel Chugerman, Lester F.Ward: The American Aristotle.
James Dombrowski, The
Early Days of Christian Socialism in America.
Charles Howard Hopkins, The Rise of the Social Gospel in
American Protestantism, 1865-1915 (1940). A
thorough study of
the social gospelteers.
Arthur H. Dakin, Paul Elmer More (1960)
PS 2432 D7.
Richard M. Weaver, The Southern Tradition at Bay
(1968). A history of post bellum
thought. This book is a
nostalgic defense of
the “last non-materialist civilization in the Western world.”
V. Recent Political Thought - Twentieth Century
a. Primary Works
Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Politics (1913 &
1933) HN64C76.
- - - - - - - - - - The Public Philosophy
(1955). A warning against some of the
excesses of democracy.
Reinhold Niebuhr, Christian Realism and Political
Problems (1953) BR115.P7N6.
------------- Moral Man and Immoral Society
(1932) HN216.N6. A Christian realist argues that in politics
it is
often imprudent to
maintain inflexible moral principles.
Robert Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory
(1956). A modern political scientist
argues that pluralism is the
basic characteristic
of American democracy.
Herbert Marcuse, A Critique of Pure Tolerance
(1965). A Freudian-Marxist sees the American democratic
system as oppressive
to the poor, black, and young.
Henry Kariel, The Decline of American Pluralism
(1961).
Twelve Southerners, I’ll Take My Stand (1930). A defense of the southern agrarian way of
life against the
onslaught of
northern industrialism.
Russell Kirk, A Program for Conservatives
(1962). A conservative defense of
order, authority, prescriptive
rights, and
religious orthodoxy.
-----America’s British Culture (New Jersey: Transaction
Publishers, 1992).
------The Politics of Prudence (Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate
Studies Institute, 1993).
------Prospects for Çonservatives (Washington, DC,
Regnery Gateway, 1989)
H. L. Mencken, Notes on Democracy. Maybe this book is not good theory, but the
Baltimore sage is always
consistently
entertaining.
Richard Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences (1948).
William of Occam is to blame for all our current
problems.
Peter Viereck, Conservatism Revisited. An attempt to define the conservative
tradition.
Frank S. Meyer, In Defense of Freedom (1962). A fusionist conservative attempts to wed libertarianism
with
traditional
conservatism.
Willmoore Kendall, Willmoore Kendall Contra Mundum
(1971) JK21 K43. A collection of essays
posthumously
published. Kendall was a leading
conservative intellectual.
Irving Kristol, On the Democratic Idea in America
(1972). A critique of American liberal
ideology.
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971)
Catherine A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the
State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1989.
Deborah L. Rode, Justice and Gender (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1989).
Robert Nisbet, The Quest for Community: A Study in
the Ethics of Order and Freedom. (San Francisco, CA:
Institute for Contemporary
Studies, 1990).
James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution New York:
The John Day Company, Inc. 1941).
Paul Gottfried, The Conservative Movement (New York:
Twayne Publishers 1993).
- - - - - - - -
- The Search for Historical Meaning:
Hegel and Postwar American Right (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois
University Press, 1986).
---------------After Liberalism: Mass Democracy in the Managerial State
(Princeton, 1999).
Claes G. Ryn, Democracy and the Ethical Life: A
Philosophy of Politics and Community (Baton Rouge,
Louisiana: Louisiana
State University Press, 1978
Michael Novak, The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism
(New York: A Touchstone Book, 1982)
Samuel Francis, Beautiful Losers: Essays on the Failure
of American Conservatism (Columbia, Mo: University
of Missouri Press,
1993).
Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (Norton, 1991).
-------------, The Revolt of the Masses (Norton,
1995).
b. Secondary Works
M.Q. Sibley, The Political Theories of Modern Pacifism
(1944). The author is a
socialist-pacifist.
Howard Bratz, Negro Social and Political Thought
(1966).
Bernard Crick, The American Science of Politics
(1959).
William F. Buckley, Jr. (ed.), American Conservative
Thought in the Twentieth Century (1970).
Anthology of
postwar conservative
thought.
Kenneth R. Minogue, The Liberal Mind (1963).
Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination (1950). An important criticism of the liberal idea
in literature.
Michael P. Federici, The Rise of Right-Wing Democratism
in Post-War America (Westport, Conn: Praeger,
1991). Federici is a graduate of Elizabethtown
College.
Dwight D. Murphy, Liberalism in Contemporary America
(McLean, VA, Council for Social and Economic
Studies, 1992).
Charles W. Dunn & J. David Woodward, American
Conservatism from Burke to Bush (Lanham, MD: Madison
Books, 1991).
Justin Raimondo, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost
Legacy of the Conservative Movement
(Burlingame CA: Center for Libertarian
Studies, 1993).
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